M5 –
TERJEMAHAN JADUAL
NURUL RASYIDAH BINTI ROSMADI NURSYAFIKA BINTI RAPOL
(198182) (199783)
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Macro
Structure Global meaning of a replaceable
text from a text topic/theme |
|
Superstructure The outline of a text such as
the advance section, content, cover and conclusion |
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Micro
Structure The locality meaning of a replaceable text From the choice of words,
formats and styles used by a text |
Figure 1 :
Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)
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Critical
Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995) |
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Textual Analysis |
Practical Discourse Analysis |
Social Practical Analysis |
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Grammar ·
Theme Lexical ·
Metaphor |
Intertektuality ·
Pre-assumptions ·
Metawacana ·
Disclaimer Interdiscusation |
Economics Education Politics |
|
Coherent ·
Repetition ·
Conjunction |
·
Narrative ·
Debate ·
Expositories ·
Expressive (Telling) |
|
Figure 2:
Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)
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DECENCY STRATEGY |
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Bald on-record Example: Ready! Listen.... Give me that big basket. The light is green. Please get in. Let’s have a meal. |
Positive Decency Example: You look so sad. What can I help? Can I borrow a hundred dollars? I will follow you to the hospital, if you don’t
mind. |
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Negative Decency Maybe he who took that box, maybe! Please give me that white plate. If so, a little instruction is not required? Disposing
empty bottles evenly are not Allowed. |
Off-record Yeah, the room is getting coolder. The price of the shoes is expensive. Your shirt is beautiful. |
Figure 3: Decency Strategy by Brown
& Levinson (1987)
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Discourse
Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd
Rahim, 2018b) |
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PRE-ASSUMPTIONS 1.
Intuition 2.
Context ·
Acceptance/
Disclaimer ·
Requirements ·
Persuasion ·
Anaphora ·
Repetition ·
Ambiguity ·
Assertion |
EMOTION 1. Positive 2.
Negative 3.
Mixed Emotions ·
Temperament ·
Personality ·
Mood ·
Motivation |
VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Traditions ·
Honestly, sincerely, kindness, love, diligent, gratitude, simplicity. ·
Independent, dedicated, brave, physical, and mental hygiene, politeness ·
Respect, collaboration, community ·
Justice, freedom, rational |
LANGUAGE 1. First language second/ third 2. Formal/ not formal 3. Error in Language 4. Linguistics |
INFERENCE 1. Overall summary 2. Summary of topic discussion 3. Word cover |
Figure 4:
Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza (2018b)
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Discourse
Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
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Content 1.
Theme |
Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotion |
Assumptions 1.
Opinion 2.
Persuasion 3.
Question |
Figure 5:
Discourse Analysis Theory
Table 2:
Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories Context in Social Values
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Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotion |
|
Family |
The use
of simple words and sentences suitable for all including
special children |
Mother
and father’s house |
Happy,
longing, |
|
Self |
The use
of simple words and sentences suitable for all including
special children |
In and
outside of the house, school |
Happy |
|
I am Special |
The use
of simple words and sentences suitable for all including
special children |
Mother
and father’s house |
|
|
I know |
The use
of simple words and sentences suitable for all including
special children |
In or
outside of the House |
Sorrow,
sad, sympathy |
|
I
understand |
The use
of simple words and sentences suitable for all including
special children |
Homes,
schools or at
public places |
Happy,
sympathy, caring |
Table 3: Content in Social Stories
|
Title |
Text |
Theme |
Samples/Materials |
Type |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Short story |
Family |
Grandmother, grandfather,
mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
I am Special |
Short story |
Family |
Grandmother, grandfather,
mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
Family |
Short story |
Family |
Mother, father, Imran, Medina,
Aisya, Alim |
Narration |
|
Heart |
Short story |
Community |
Mother, teacher, Alim, friends |
Narration |
|
Neighbors |
Short story |
Neighborhood |
Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah,
Sulaiman, Alim |
Narration |
Table 4:Context in Social Stories
|
Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotional |
|
Grandmother and
Grandfather |
Easy and suitable use of words and
sentences for all including special children |
Grandparent
village and grandparents |
Happy, missed, sad, angry, confused, satisfied |
|
I am Special One |
Easy and suitable use of words and
sentences for all including special children |
Mother
and father's house |
Happy, satisfied, sad |
|
Family |
Easy and suitable use of words and
sentences for all including special children |
Mother
and father's house |
Happy, restrecked |
|
Heart |
Easy and suitable use of words and
sentences for all including special children |
Schools,
homes, neighbors |
Happy |
|
Neighbors |
Easy and suitable use of words and
sentences for all including special children |
Parents
and neighbouring homes |
Happy, sympathy, caring, sad |
Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories
|
Social Story Title |
Social
Values |
|
Grandmother and
Grandfather |
Love, care, rationality,
responsibility, sincerity, honesty, kindness, family, patience |
|
I am Special |
Kindness, sincerity, helping each
other, take care, responsibility |
|
Family |
Kindness, patient, helping each other,
sincerity, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality |
|
Heart |
Kindness, love, caring, sincerity,
honesty, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking |
|
Neighbors |
Kindness, responsibility, love,
rationality, caring, sincerity, honesty, confident, neighborhood |
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Taxonomy
of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
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Evocation or Reduction Strategy |
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1.
Omission/Omission of message 2. Evocate topics |
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Achievement or
Compensatory Strategies Achievements or
Compensation Strategies |
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3. Paraphrasing
(Circumlocution) 4. Apprehension 5. Use of
all-purpose words 6. Create new
words (Word-coinage) 7.
Restructuring/Use of non-linguistic means 8. Literal
translation 9.
Internationalization 10. Change of code
11.Request help,
explanation, confirmation or make guesses/ Appeal for help Stalling3.
Parafrasa (Circumlocution) |
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Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Postponement or Time Supplementary Strategy |
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12. Use of words
without meaning/Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices) |
Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)
Table 6: Communication Strategy
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Communication
Strategy |
Frequency |
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
Abbreviation New words no meaning Disclaimer/Contradictions Question Repetition Persuasion Self-correction Different topics/message
ignorance Interstitial Delay Literal translation Language changes Imagination Modesty Paraphrasing Ask for help |
15 4 10 6 8 13 5 4 8 6 4 4 5 4 4 4 |
RUJUKAN :Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014). Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi. Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
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